Here are some of the main differences between the three types of
balls you listed, keep in mine there are a few others as well.
Pearl-normally more skid/flip type of
ball, good for getting through burnt up heads, but can be a bit hard to get the desired reaction on certain conditions, EX: extremely dry or oily lanes or carrydown. Most of their reaction is a violent change off the dry.
Particle-normally more of an arcing
ball, usually for medium oil lanes and up. Not too jumpy at the breakpoint even when it hits the dry. Very grippy
balls, gets traction in the oil. They are called particle because there are little particles put in the coverstock that gives them traction.
Particle Pearl-combines both worlds. They are great for a burnt heads but a medium to medium heavy condition in the midlane. Usually blends wet/dry conditions with a consistent reaction.
Other types of covers are solid, solid/pearl hybrids, polished solid, and of course urethane and plastic.
Plastic-normally spare
balls, goes straighter but can hook and be used on dry lanes for a strike
ball.
Solid-an alternative to particles, characterized by being extremely dull most of the time. Can be polished and sanded easily to change reaction. Probably the easiest coverstock to adjust(just my personal opinion.
Solid/pearl hybrid- similar to the particle pearl just no particles.
Urethane-normally part of entry level lines, great for dry lanes and a step up from plastic usually with the same core as a plastic. Gradual predictable arc is their
game. Might not be a huge hook but it works on the right conditions. Lane 1 has a urethane that uses one of its strong cores and a aggressive version of urethane. I have one and once I get my grip straightened out on it will probably be my main
ball.
Polished solid- a solid that is just polished up to tame the reaction and give it some length. Using smoother grits to sand is the new way of doing this without
polish, such as the 4000 grit abralon.